Introduction Publish-Subscribe (Pub/Sub) systems are a cornerstone of event-driven architectures, enabling asynchronous communication between producers (who publish messages) and consumers (who subscribe to messages) through a broker. These systems decouple components, facilitating scalability, fault tolerance, and real-time data processing in…

Introduction Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) is a design paradigm in distributed systems that emphasizes the production, detection, consumption, and reaction to events—discrete occurrences or changes in system state. Unlike traditional request-response models, where components interact synchronously, EDA promotes asynchronous communication through…

Introduction JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) are a widely adopted standard for secure authentication and authorization in distributed systems. As a compact, self-contained mechanism, JWTs enable stateless, scalable, and secure communication between parties by encoding user identity and permissions in a…

Introduction In distributed systems design, data processing paradigms play a pivotal role in determining how efficiently and effectively a system handles varying workloads. Two fundamental approaches are batch processing and stream processing. Batch processing involves collecting data into groups (batches)…

Introduction Apache Kafka serves as a foundational tool in distributed systems for managing high-volume data flows with efficiency and reliability. Its architecture, centered on durable logs, partitioned topics, and scalable brokers, enables it to support two primary paradigms: event streaming,…

Introduction Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform designed for high-throughput, low-latency, and fault-tolerant data processing. Its distributed architecture enables it to scale horizontally, handle failures gracefully, and maintain data consistency across multiple nodes. This detailed analysis explores Kafka’s…

Apache Kafka Overview Apache Kafka is an open-source, distributed event streaming platform designed to handle high-throughput, low-latency data processing for real-time applications. It serves as a robust messaging system, enabling scalable and fault-tolerant data pipelines that integrate disparate systems and…

Introduction Message queues are a critical component of distributed systems, enabling asynchronous communication between services, applications, or components by decoupling producers (senders) and consumers (receivers). They act as intermediaries, buffering messages until they can be processed, which enhances system scalability,…

Introduction Capacity planning and estimation are essential processes in system design, involving the prediction and allocation of resources—such as storage, compute, and network—to ensure that a distributed system can handle current and future workloads without performance degradation, outages, or excessive…