Introduction Cost optimization in cloud system design is a critical practice for maximizing the value of cloud investments while maintaining performance, scalability (e.g., 1M req/s), and high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime). As organizations adopt cloud-native architectures for applications like e-commerce…

Introduction Cloud security is a foundational pillar of modern system design, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, applications, and infrastructure in cloud environments. Core components—Identity and Access Management (IAM), Secrets Management, and Key Management—provide mechanisms to control access,…

Introduction Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is a cornerstone of modern system design, enabling automated, repeatable, and version-controlled management of infrastructure in cloud-native environments. Tools like Terraform and Pulumi allow architects to define infrastructure resources (e.g., compute instances, databases, networks) as…

Introduction Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are critical components of modern system design, enabling automated, reliable, and rapid delivery of software in distributed systems. CI/CD pipelines streamline the process of building, testing, and deploying applications, ensuring high availability…

Introduction The 12-Factor App methodology, developed by Heroku, provides a set of principles for building scalable, maintainable, and portable cloud-native applications. These principles are designed to optimize applications for modern cloud environments, ensuring high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g.,…

Introduction Serverless architecture represents a paradigm shift in cloud computing, where developers focus on writing code without managing underlying infrastructure. Serverless computing, exemplified by platforms like AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions (GCP Functions), and Azure Functions, enables event-driven systems that…

Introduction Kubernetes is an open-source platform for orchestrating containerized workloads, enabling automated deployment, scaling, and management of applications in distributed systems. It is a cornerstone of cloud-native design, providing robust mechanisms to achieve high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g.,…

Introduction In modern application deployment, containers and virtual machines (VMs) are two foundational technologies that provide isolation, portability, and scalability for running applications in distributed systems. Both are critical for achieving high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g., 1M req/s),…

Introduction Cloud computing has transformed how organizations build, deploy, and scale applications, enabling high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g., 1M req/s), and cost efficiency. Cloud service models—Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a…