Introduction Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines are critical components of modern system design, enabling automated, reliable, and rapid delivery of software in distributed systems. CI/CD pipelines streamline the process of building, testing, and deploying applications, ensuring high availability…

Introduction The 12-Factor App methodology, developed by Heroku, provides a set of principles for building scalable, maintainable, and portable cloud-native applications. These principles are designed to optimize applications for modern cloud environments, ensuring high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g.,…

Introduction Serverless architecture represents a paradigm shift in cloud computing, where developers focus on writing code without managing underlying infrastructure. Serverless computing, exemplified by platforms like AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions (GCP Functions), and Azure Functions, enables event-driven systems that…

Introduction Kubernetes is an open-source platform for orchestrating containerized workloads, enabling automated deployment, scaling, and management of applications in distributed systems. It is a cornerstone of cloud-native design, providing robust mechanisms to achieve high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g.,…

Introduction In modern application deployment, containers and virtual machines (VMs) are two foundational technologies that provide isolation, portability, and scalability for running applications in distributed systems. Both are critical for achieving high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g., 1M req/s),…

Introduction Cloud computing has transformed how organizations build, deploy, and scale applications, enabling high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), scalability (e.g., 1M req/s), and cost efficiency. Cloud service models—Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a…

Introduction Cloud-native design refers to an architectural approach that leverages cloud computing to build and operate scalable, resilient, and agile applications optimized for dynamic, distributed environments. Unlike traditional monolithic architectures, cloud-native systems are designed to exploit cloud capabilities such as…

Introduction In modern distributed systems, APIs are critical for enabling communication between services, clients, and external systems, particularly in microservices architectures handling high-scale traffic (e.g., 1M req/s) and requiring high availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime). As systems evolve, APIs must adapt…