Introduction Data structures form the foundation of high-performance database systems, enabling efficient storage, retrieval, and querying of vast and diverse datasets. Among these, B-Trees, B+ Trees, Hash Tables, Log-Structured Merge Trees (LSM Trees), Bloom Filters, Tries (Prefix Trees), Skip Lists,…

Concept Explanation PostgreSQL, often referred to as Postgres, is an advanced, open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) renowned for its robustness, extensibility, and adherence to SQL standards. As of the current date, PostgreSQL has evolved into a versatile database supporting…

Introduction Storage systems are foundational to modern computing, enabling applications to store, manage, and retrieve data efficiently. Three primary storage paradigms—file storage, object storage, and block storage—address distinct needs in terms of data organization, access patterns, and scalability. Each system…

Introduction As applications grow in user base, data volume, and request rates, scaling databases becomes essential to maintain performance, availability, and reliability. Scaling enables databases to handle increased loads (e.g., 100,000 requests/second) and data volumes (e.g., petabytes) while ensuring low…

Introduction As modern applications handle increasing data volumes and user traffic, scaling databases becomes critical to maintain performance, availability, and reliability. Database sharding, partitioning, and other scaling techniques enable databases to distribute data and workload across multiple nodes, ensuring low…

Introduction Indexing is a fundamental technique in database systems to enhance query performance, enabling rapid data retrieval by minimizing the need to scan entire datasets. By creating data structures that provide efficient access paths to data, indexes significantly reduce query…

Introduction Durability is a cornerstone of the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties that ensure reliable database transactions, guaranteeing that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanently saved, even in the event of system failures such as power…

Introduction In database systems, ensuring the reliability and consistency of data operations is critical, particularly for applications requiring high integrity, such as financial systems, e-commerce platforms, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ACID transactions provide a framework to guarantee that…

Introduction In system design interviews, selecting the appropriate database is a critical skill that demonstrates a candidate’s ability to align technical choices with system requirements. The decision involves analyzing functional and non-functional requirements, understanding trade-offs, and justifying selections with clarity…