Category System Design

In the pursuit of agility, many organizations have embraced decentralization, granting teams unprecedented freedom to innovate and deliver. Yet, this approach often yields unintended consequences: a proliferation of microservices, divergent data models, and a complete absence of shared understanding. What…

The FIFA World Cup 2026 Final, scheduled for July 19, 2026, at MetLife Stadium (East Rutherford, NJ), represents an unprecedented scale: 80,000 seats, 32 matches across 16 host cities, and 1.2 billion potential users (global population estimate with 50% interest).…

In high-demand reservation environments—such as Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour, Broadway’s Hamilton, Coldplay’s 3-night Wembley residency, or Airbnb’s peak summer inventory—a single seat, room, or ticket exists across multiple dates, times, and venues. Treating seat_id = ‘A-127’ as globally unique leads…

Introduction Disaster Recovery (DR) and Backup Strategies are critical components of system design to ensure business continuity, data protection, and rapid recovery from catastrophic events such as hardware failures, cyberattacks, natural disasters, or human errors in distributed systems. In cloud-native…

Introduction Auditing and Compliance in system design involves implementing mechanisms to ensure that distributed systems adhere to regulatory standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), System and Organization Controls 2 (SOC2),…

Introduction Chaos Engineering is a disciplined approach to proactively testing the resilience of distributed systems by intentionally introducing controlled failures, such as service outages, network latency, or resource exhaustion, to identify weaknesses and improve fault tolerance. In cloud-native microservices architectures,…

Introduction Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) is a security model that assumes no trust within or outside a system, requiring continuous verification of every user, device, and request to ensure secure access and data protection. In the context of cloud-native microservices,…

Introduction Distributed tracing is a critical technique for debugging and understanding the behavior of distributed systems, particularly in microservices architectures, where requests traverse multiple services. It provides end-to-end visibility into request flows, enabling developers to identify bottlenecks, latency issues, and…

Introduction Monitoring and logging strategies are essential for maintaining the health, performance, and security of cloud-native microservices architectures, enabling high scalability (e.g., 1M req/s), availability (e.g., 99.999% uptime), and compliance with standards like GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS. These strategies provide…